Laser-assisted microdissection.

When analyzing alcohol's effects on the brain, researchers often want to look at small clusters of cells that can be studied in isolation from the surrounding brain tissue rather than at the entire brain or larger brain areas. This implies that relatively small numbers of cells have to be retrieved from the brain and studied in culture or subjected to biochemical analyses. The challenge then becomes how to isolate small numbers of cells from a specific brain region without including unwanted cells. One approach to solving this problem is to use a technology known as laser-assisted microdissection (LMD). This article reviews some of the principles of LMD and its use in alcohol research.

W hen analyzing alcohol's effects on the brain, researchers often want to look at small clusters of cells that can be studied in isolation from the sur rounding brain tissue rather than at the entire brain or larger brain areas. This implies that relatively small numbers of cells have to be retrieved from the brain and studied in culture or subjected to biochemical analyses. The challenge then becomes how to isolate small numbers of cells from a specific brain region without including unwanted cells. One approach to solving this problem is to use a technology known as laserassisted microdissection (LMD). This article reviews some of the principles of LMD and its use in alcohol research.
The first report of LMD was published by Meier-Ruge and colleagues in 1976. After that, the field developed steadily until two distinct microdissection technologies-laser capture (Emmert-Brick et al. 1996) and laser microbeam (Schutze et al. 1998)-were introduced in the 1990s. Although the nomenclature often is used interchangeably, there is a sub tle but significant difference between the two systems: • Laser capture technology utilizes a low-powered infrared laser to activate an adhesive thermoplastic film on the cap of a microcentrifuge tube that has been placed over the cells of interest. Through this activation, the film directly "captures" the cells on the cap, and they can then be analyzed further (see figure 7).
• Laser beam, or laser pressure catapult ing, technology typically uses an ultra violet laser beam directed through the microscope objectives to cut around cells of interest that are mounted on a membrane-coated glass slide. The excised cells then are either ejected or dropped via gravity into a receptacle (commonly a microcentrifuge tube), in which they can be studied further.
Initially developed for cancer researchin which it is imperative to separately analyze tumor cells and nearby normal tissue-the LMD techniques now are widely used throughout biomedical research. Because of the highly complex and heterogeneous nature of the brain, the technology is particularly suited for neuroscience research. Although researchers can distinguish different cell types based on their structure, electrophysio logical properties, activity (i.e., expression) of marker genes, or production of specific proteins, it can be difficult to iso late a given population of cells for further analysis. Methods using manual dissection of brain regions result in an "aver aging" of various cell types, so that it is impossible to deter mine whether any effects are unique to one cell type. LMD enables investigators to accurately dissect individual groups of brain cells (i.e., nuclei) or even cell types for subsequent analysis. For example, LMD followed by other biochemical analyses 1 has been used to identify genes that are particularly abundant in three subregions of the amygdala of mice. This approach identified several genes that are enriched in the amygdala (Zerlinger and Anderson 2003). Prior studies using manually dissected whole-amygdala tissue had not been able to identify these genes because their level of expression was too low and undetectable among the expression of all the other genes active in the whole tissue.
Most researchers combine LMD with expression pro filing. This means that they compare either the expression of a single gene between different cell types or under differ ent environmental conditions (e.g., in the presence and absence of alcohol) or that they compare the activity levels of all active genes within a cell under different conditions. The activity levels of individual genes can be analyzed using a technique called reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), whereas the activity levels (i.e., messen ger RNA [mRNA] levels) of all active genes can be studied using microarray technology. In addition to analyzing isolated 1 For these analyses, RNA was isolated from the dissected cells, biochemically multi plied (i.e., amplified), and subsequently allowed to interact with and bind to (i.e., hybridize to) oligonucleotide microarrays.  RNA, scientists also can study the DNA or the entirety of all proteins produced (i.e., the proteome) of cells isolated by LMD (Bohm et al. 2005). For example, LMD has been used to measure the effects of acute and chronic cocaine administration on the gene expression profiles of neurons from a brain region called the ventral tegmental area, which plays a central role in the reinforcing properties of alcohol and other drugs (Backes and Hemby 2003). Similarly, LMD has been used in alcohol-related research to isolate specific cell populations. For example, Chen and colleagues (2006) and Sakar and colleagues (2007) used LMD to study the effects of alcohol exposure on certain neurons in a cell group called the arcuate nucleus, 2 which is located in the brain's hypothalamus. Other investigators are beginning to use LMD to isolate specific neurons from a group of nerve cells called the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, which have been shown to be uniquely sensitive to the effects of alcohol.

Future Outlook
As LMD becomes more widely used, laboratories should adopt some common quality-control procedures to ensure that indeed the desired cells have been isolated and no contamination with other cells occurs. For example, when trying to analyze cells from individual nuclei in the brain (e.g., subregions of the amygdala), researchers could measure the relative expression of three cal cium-binding proteins called parvalbumin, calretinin, and cal bindin. These proteins are produced in all brain regions, but their relative amounts differ among different regions or even nuclei. For example, if an experimental design requires dissecting (in the mouse brain) the central nucleus of the amygdala and the basomedial amygdala, the dissection of these two nuclei is rela tively simple from an LMD perspective (see figure 8). However, 2 These studies focused on those cells that produce a signaling molecule called pro opiomelanocortin (POMC), which is further modified to the endogenous opioid, β endor phin. These neurons act on many brain areas and help mediate the effects of alcohol and other drugs as well as regulate appetite and sexual behavior.
subtle changes in dissection technique could lead to some substantial differences in the actual nature of the tissue acquired and presumably the results that are obtained. Therefore, as the experiment pro ceeds over time, with samples acquired from different animals, it will be critical to know that the dissection procedures have remained constant. At this point, biochem ical expression analyses such as RT-PCR can be used to measure the expression of the calcium-binding proteins in each sam ple obtained. The expression of parvalbu min is relatively low in both the central and the basomedial nuclei of the amygdala; the expression of calretinin and calbindin, however, shows some variation between these nuclei. Moreover, the central nucleus can be further divided into three main divi sions (lateral, medial, and capsular), which also show differential expression of the three genes. Thus, deter mining the relative expression of the three genes helps researchers determine exactly whether they have isolated the correct cells. With such quality-control strategies in place, LMD can help researchers gain valuable information about the functions and properties of very specific brain regions as well as about the effects that alcohol and other drugs have on these cells. ■

Financial Disclosure
The author declares that she has no competing financial interests.